全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm“plantneurobiology”was1aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.
Butsuchanideaisuntrue,accordingtoanewopinionarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6ofplants’intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.
Beginningin,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,9tothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,“They10claimedthatplantshave‘brain-likecommandcenters’attheirroottips.”
This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,12ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals.13,thesignalinginaplantisonly14similartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.
“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,”he16.“Sinceplantsdon’thavenervoussystems,the17thattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”
Andwhat’ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan’trunawayfrom18,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhich19athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery20evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.
1.[A]coined [B]discovered [C]collected [D]issued
2.[A]attributed [B]directed [C]compared [D]confined
3.[A]Unless [B]When [C]Once [D]Though
4.[A]copewith [B]consistedof [C]hintedat [D]extendedin
5.[A]suffers [B]benefits [C]develops [D]differs
6.[A]acceptance [B]evidence [C]cultivation [D]creation
7.[A]doubted [B]denied [C]argued [D]requested
8.[A]adapting [B]forming [C]repairing [D]testing
9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive
10.[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even
11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand
12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing
13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise
14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily
15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local
16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added
17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions
18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control
19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes
20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easy
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep”outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.
Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands.“It’slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon’thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrong.”shesays.“Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”
Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPicroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen“naturecarpets”—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.
Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.It'sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi’spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.
SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi’ssculptures.Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Sheisproudthatseveralsculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.
DespitesuccessstorieslikevanOosten’s,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplasticsdesignedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.
Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationatthenovaSchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistoryStoneAge,IronAge,andsoonafterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve.…willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin().
[A]maintainingtheirplasticitems
[B]obtainingdurableplasticartifacts
[C]handlingoutdatedplasticexhibits
[D]classifyingtheirplasticcollections
22.VanOostenbelievesthatcertainplasticobjectsare().
[A]immunetodecay
[B]improperlyshaped
[C]inherentlyflawed
[D]complexinstructure
23.MuseumsstoppedexhibitingsomeofGilardi'sartworksto().
[A]keepthemfromhurtingvisitors
[B]duplicatethemforfuturedisplay
[C]havetheiringredientsanalyzed
[D]preventthemfromfurtherdamage
24.Theauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis().
[A]costly
[B]unworthy
[C]unpopular
[D]challenging
25.InFerreira’sopinion,preservationofplasticartifacts().
[A]willinspirefuturescientificresearch
[B]hasprofoundhistoricalsignificance
[C]willhelpusseparatethematerialages
[D]hasanimpactontoday’sculturallife
Text2
Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.
Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongOECDcountries.
Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.
Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles.
Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetwo.
ItisunlikelythatGenerationZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyupskillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfillmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ’scareertrajectory.
Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:I’amageographer.’orI’amaclassist.’Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it’sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon’tdefinetheminthesameway.
26.theauthorsuggeststhatGenerationZshould().
[A]becarefulinchoosingacollege
[B]bediligentateacheducationalstage
[C]reassessthenecessityofcollegeeducation
[D]postponetheirundergraduateapplication
27.ThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflect().
[A]Millennial'sopinionsaboutwork
[B]theshrinkingvalueofadegree
[C]publicdiscontentwitheducation
[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility
28.Theauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat().
[A]GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree.
[B]Schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers.
[C]Employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees.
[D]Parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation.
29.ItisadvisedinParagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould().
[A]makeanearlydecisionontheircareer
[B]attendonthejobtrainingprograms
[C]teamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduates
[D]furthertheirstudiesinaspecificfield
30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromthelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.
[B]Theywillmakequalifiededucators.
[C]Degreeswillnolongerappealthem.
[D]Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.
Text3
Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperienceofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaid,theyhadcollaboratedwithartists,andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.
Suchanencouragingresultsisnotsurprising.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartiststohelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning.”Onerespondentsaid.
OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthescenescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi’sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseasonprovidedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember'sUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.
Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartistthanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll,however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother’swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.
Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hancethe“visualstudies”inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestinandthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration.Asscienceandtechnologyprogressed,anddividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewassimultaneouslylookingtoatimewhenleadingresearcherscouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.
Nature’spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationworkbothsidesneedtoinvesttimeandembracesurpriseandchallenge.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipants.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.
31.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave()
[A]caughttheattentionofcritics
[B]receivedfavorableresponses
[C]promotedacademicpublishing
[D]sparkedheatedpublicdisputes
32.ThereworkedversionofTheFourSeasonsismentionedtoshowthat()
[A]artcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstoscience
[B]sciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotions
[C]publicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfuture
[D]artiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovations
33.Someartistsseemtoworryaboutintheart-sciencepartnership().
[A]theirrolemaybeunderestimated
[B]theirreputationmaybeimpaired
[C]theircreativitymaybeinhibited
[D]theirworkmaybemisguided
34.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?()
[A]Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists
[B]Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances
[C]Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies
[D1Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists
35.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations()
[Alarelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations
[B]willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetition
[C]shoulddomorethancommunicatingscience
[D]arebecomingmorepopularthanbefore
Text4
ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand’sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.
Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.
Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,highearningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradeandA-grademanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently-andparadoxically-lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.
Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunder-performingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand’sProductivityParadox”(),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.
NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.
Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell-being.
AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a206privatemembers’Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.
36.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto().
[A]punishdubiouscorporatepractices
[B]improvetraditionalhiringprocedures
[C]exemptemployersfromcertainduties
[D]protecttherightsofordinaryworkers
37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph3thattheprovisionsmay().
[A]hinderbusinessdevelopment
[B]underminemanagersauthority
[C]affectthepublicimageofthefirms
[D]worsenlabor-managementrelations
38.WhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport()?
[A]Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.
[B]Enforcingemploymentprotectionlaws.
[C]Limitingthepowersofbusinessowners.
[D]Dismissingpoorlyperformingmanagers.
39.WhatmightbeaneffectofERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures()?
[A]Highlypaidmanagerslosetheirjobs
[B]Employeessufferfromsalarycuts.
[C]Societyseesariseinoverallwell-being.
[D]Employersneedtohirenewstaff.
40.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“high-incomethreshold”inAustralia()
[A]hassecuredmanagers’earnings
[B]hasproducedundesiredresults
[C]isbeneficialtobusinessowners
[D]isdifficulttoputintopractice
PartB
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.
MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
(41)TeriByrd
Iwasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyears.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.
Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyouenhanceenclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequatetimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.
(42)KarenR.Sime
Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoostreatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.
(43)RegNewberry
EmmaMarris'sarticleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionatewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationcommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowthycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.ButtheyaretheexceptionnotthenormthatMsMarrisimpliesAdistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.
(44)DeanGallea
Asafellowenvironmentalistanimal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian.IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoosandtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivitysoserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautifulwildcreaturesclosetohomemanymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekoutdisturbandevenhuntthemdown.
Zoosareinthatsensesimilartonaturalhistoryandarcheologymuseumsservingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments
(45)JohnFraser
EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnatureandthedatapointsextractedfromourstudies.Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.
Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimalsfromdronebeestospringbokorsalmontobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.
[A]Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakeofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.
[B]Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.
[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.
[D]Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.
[E]Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebestalternative.
[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals’wellbeing.
[G]Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.
PartC
Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
TheManWhoBrokeNapoleon’sCodes-MarkUrban
Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wasthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon’sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor’sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodesandthosewhobrokethem.
IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesOman’sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattachedanappendix,TheScovellCiphers.(47)ItlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeencapturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBritishheadquarters.OmanratedScovell’ssignificancehighly,butatthesametime,thegeneralnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnotanalyzecarefullywhatthisobscureofficermayormaynothavecontributedtothatgreatstrugglebetweennationsorindeedtellusanythingmuchaboutthemanhimself.Iwaskeentoreadmore,butwassurprisedtofindthatOman’sappendix,publishedin1914,wastheonlyconsideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecretwar.
IbecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatofEnigmaandthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,coulditbetold?
StudyingScovell’spapersatthePublicRecordOffice,London,IfoundthathehadleftanextensivejournalandcopiousnotesabouthisworkinthePeninsula.Whatwasmore,manyoriginalFrenchdispatcheshadbeenpreservedinthiscollection,whichIrealizedwaspriceless.(49)TheremayhavebeenmanyspiesandintelligenceofficersduringtheNapoleonicWars,butitisusuallyextremelydifficulttofindthematerialtheyactuallyprovidedorworkedon.
Furthermore,Scovell’sstoryinvolvedmuchmorethanjustintelligencework.HisstatusinLordWellington’sheadquartersandtherecognitiongiventohimforhisworkwereallboundupwiththeclasspoliticsofthearmyatthetime.Histaleofself-improvementandhardworkwouldmakeafascinatingbiographyinitsownright,butrepresentssomethingmorethanthat.(50)JustasthecodebreakinghasitswiderrelevanceinthestruggleforSpain,sohisattemptstomakehiswayupthepromotionladderspeakvolumesaboutBritishsociety.ThestoryofWellingtonhimselfalsogrippedme.HalfacenturyagohiscampaignswereconsideredacentralpartoftheBritishhistoricalmythologyandspoon-fedtoschoolboys.Morerecentlythishasnotbeenthecase,whichisagreatshame.Agenerationhasgrownup.
SectionⅢWriting
PartA
WriteanemailtoaprofessorataBritishuniversity,invitinghim/hertoorganizeateamfortheinternational
innovationcontesttobeheldatyouruniversity.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyourownnameintheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.(10points)
PartB
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould
1)describethepicturebriefly,
2)explainitsintendedmeaningand
3)giveyourcomments.
YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)
选择题答案:
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