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二战中的意大利军队不是那么菜的

时间:2023-01-25 22:41:42

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二战中的意大利军队不是那么菜的

二战期间,意大利由于1871年统一后实行君主立宪制,所以意大利军的全称是:意大利皇家军队可以简称“皇军”,在众人眼里,似乎意大利军队除了败仗,就是败仗,事实上真的如此吗?:意大利步兵师(1940年型)为2个步兵团和1个炮兵团的编制,员额12979人,轻机枪270挺,重机枪80挺,45毫米迫击炮126门,81毫米迫击炮30门,30毫米高射炮8门,47毫米32倍径反坦克炮8门,65毫米17倍径步兵炮16门,75毫米野炮24门,100毫米17倍径榴弹炮12门,骡马3424匹,畜力车154辆,自行车153辆,摩托车71辆,汽车131辆。这样的一个师明显步兵偏少,而由于意军二战火炮落后,在作战中很难占到上风。的确从编制上来看意大利军队真的不适合现代战争的需要,但是关于意大利在北非,在苏联一败涂地的说法并没有准确的依据。

particular, reinforced in 1941 with the 132nd Tank Regiment, which would replace the 32nd Tank Regiment, (disbanded in mid-1942), it took part in the first German – Italian counteroffensive to retake Cyrenaica, and the siege of Tobruk which resulted from this. With this regiment, its battalions equipped with M13/40 and M14/41 medium tanks the division fought in the desert of Libya and Egypt during 1941. On 1 May 1941 the Germans and Italians attacked Tobruk in considerable strength. Their attack pierces the defences, and the Ariete and 8th Bersaglieri capture the R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 strongpoints.On 3 May the Australians launched a counterattack with their 18th Brigade. The counterattack only recaptures one strongpoint from what Australian historian Mark Johnston reported to be Italian defenders.[4] This action is later known as the Battle of the Salient.

特别地,在1941年得到132坦克团的增援代替32坦克团(1942年中期解散),它参与了德意夺回昔兰尼加的反击,托卜鲁克围攻就此开始。在1941年的利比亚和埃及沙漠的战斗中,该团的营装备了M13/40和M14/41中型坦克。1941年5月1日,德意军以可观的力量进攻了托卜鲁克。他们的进攻突破了防御,艾略特师和第8狙击步兵团占领了R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7 支撑点。5月3日,澳大利亚人以18旅发动了反击,根据澳大利亚历史学家Mark Johnston的记录,这次反击仅仅夺回了1个支撑点。这次行动就是“突出部战役

Operation Crusader, the division very successfully defended Bir el Gobi against the British 22nd Armoured Brigade, inflicting heavy losses on the inexperienced British forces. On 23 November, the 15th Panzer Division moved on to attack the 5th South African Brigade defending Sidi Rezegh and that evening, the Ariete with the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment came up in support and the ridge was taken. Nearly 3,400 prisoners were taken in this attack.[5] During 29–30 November, the Ariete and supporting Italian infantry and motorcycle units were responsible for capturing a considerable number of New Zealand, Indian and British troops during the Italo-German counterattacks.

在十字军战役中,该师成功地在比艾克毕阻挡了英军22装甲旅的进攻(别看单位小,英军一个装甲旅比意军装甲师的人多,坦克也先进),给缺乏经验的英军造成重大伤亡。11月23日,15装甲师转向攻击防御Sidi Rezegh 的南非第5旅,当天晚上,艾略特装甲师和第8狙击步兵团前来支援并攻克高地,在这次进攻中俘虏了接近3400人。在11月29-30日,艾略特装甲师和前来支援的意大利步兵和摩托化部队单位担起了在德意军队反击中俘虏可观数量的新西兰,印度和英国军队的职责

the loss of the 21st New Zealand Infantry Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Howard Kippenberger, who later rose to command the 2nd New Zealand Division, wrote that, "About 5.30 p.m. damned Italian Motorized Division (Ariete) turned up. They passed with five tanks leading, twenty following, and a huge column of transport and guns, and rolled straight over our infantry on Point 175."[6] When the battle led to the retreat of the Axis forces to the Gazala Line, the Ariete went on the attack. The Italian armoured division, augmented by 23 tanks of the 15th Panzer Division and supported by Bersaglieri motorcycle troops,[7] lost no time in assaulting the pursuing Commonwealth forces. Between them, they overran the 1st Battalion, The Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) and part of the 5th Indian Brigade, taking according to one estimate[8] 1,000 prisoners in the counterattack. Nevertheless, the British were able to recover from this setback and the Ariete retreated through the Djebel Mountain towards el Agheila. By this time the division had lost almost all its tanks.

回忆起21新西兰步兵营的损失,之后晋升第2新西兰师的Howard Kippenberger中校写道:“大约下午5:30,可恶的意大利摩步师(指的是艾略特装甲师)出现了。他们以5辆坦克打头,20辆跟着,以及大量的运输车辆和火炮在175号点上直接碾过我们的步兵。”当战役进行到轴心国军队撤退到贾扎拉防线时,艾略特装甲师继续着攻击。这个经过15装甲师23辆坦克补充,并有摩托化狙击步兵团支援的意大利装甲师,赶紧突击追击的英联邦军。在他们中间,他们蹂躏了第1营,皇家东肯特营以及部分的第5印度旅,在这次反击中带回了估计1000俘虏。而艾略特装甲师沿着Djebel山向着阿盖拉撤退。此时该师几乎损失了它的全部坦克

again with replacement tanks and M40 75/18mm semoventi assault guns in the V and VI battalions of the 132nd Artillery Regiment, it took part in the second counteroffensive of January 1942, the Gazala battles of May 1942, and the invasion of Egypt that followed.

of Gazala

Ariete met early success during the Battle of Gazala, when it overran the British-officered 3rd Indian Motor Brigade at Rugbet Al Atasc on 27 May 1942,[9] capturing 1,000 troops.[10] The Ariete then repelled strong British armoured counterattacks on 29 May and went on to repeat the same feat on 5 June 1942.[11]

当第132装甲师炮兵团的第5和第6营再次得到接替的坦克和M40 75/18突击炮的支援后,该师参与了1942年1月贾扎拉战役的二次反攻,1942年5月的贾扎拉战斗,还有随后的入侵埃及。

贾扎拉战役

当它于1942年5月27日在Rugbet Al Atasc 碾压了英国军官领导下的第3印军摩托化旅艾略特装甲师在贾扎拉战役遇到了早期的成功,并俘虏了100人。艾略特装甲师随后在5月29日击退了强大的英军装甲师的反击并在1942年6月5日重演了相同的壮举!

Alamein

the Second Battle of El Alamein the Ariete sacrificed its obsolete tanks in the attempt to counter the Allied offensive and cover the withdrawal of the army. On 4 November at about 15:30, the few surviving tanks, surrounded by an overwhelmingly superior enemy, broadcast their last message,[14] quoting:

tanks broke through South of Ariete Division. Ariete thus surrounded, located 5 kilometers north east of Bir-el-Abd. Ariete tanks keep on fighting! Then they were destroyed to the last tank. On 6 November 1942, the Germans acknowledged that in the sector allotted to the Ariete " the British were made to pay for their penetration with enormous losses in men and material. The Italians fought to the last man."

阿拉曼战役

在第二次阿拉曼战役中艾略特装甲师在抵挡盟军进攻,掩护非洲军撤退时牺牲了他们的老式坦克。大约在11月4日15点30分时,少量幸存的坦克被优势敌军包围,他们发出了最后一封电报。

敌军坦克突破了艾略特装甲师的南面。于是艾略特装甲师在Bir-el-Abd东北5公里处被包围了。艾略特装甲师依旧坚持战斗!他们战至最后一辆坦克。在1942年11月6日,德军承认在阿略提装甲师的防区,英国人“为他们的渗透付出了惨重的人员和物质损失的代价。意大利人战至最后一人。”

从上述材料中可以看出意大利军队在北非战场并不是如同很多人知道的那样只知道逃跑的军队,他们还是打得不错的,只是罗马的指挥令人失望。感谢炮灰掷弹兵翻译的国外资料。最后贴几张图

德国人对意大利可能摩托化部队的误解。

意大利的不错的一种臼炮:

da 210/25 35

囗径: 210mm

长度 5m

行军重量: 24,030 kg (分两部份装运)

战斗重量 15,885kg

高低射界 0~70度;

方向射界 75度;

初速度 560m/sec

射程 15.407km

弹重 101kg 或 133kg

上世纪30年代,为了替换武器库里大量的老旧装备,意大利设计了两款采用当时先进技术的火炮,149毫米加农炮和210毫米榴弹炮。该炮由军队提供设计,安萨尔多兵工厂制造,定型为Obice da 210/25 35型。该炮1935年定型,到1938年厂家已接到了不少于346门炮的订单。这种炮性能优越,在行军时可拆为两部分,每部份有两个负重轮,在进入阵地后可短时间合并组装到一个能旋转360度的平台上(请注意照片上的炮是4个轮子)。

简段节说,这种炮虽然设计得很成功,但由于意大利没有生产这种甲等榴弹炮的经验,因此月产量很低。到战争爆发后,只有20几门炮送到了意大利军队手中。还有35门卖给了匈牙利。1943年意大利投降后,大部份军火落到了德国人手中。由于看中了35型炮的性能,德国人要求安萨尔多兵工厂继续为德军生产,并给它了一个德国代号Haubitze 532(i)。一直到战争结束前德军还在使用这种炮。

性能可与88炮媲美的Cannone da 90/53

实际上关于意大利军队战绩的资料不少,只是大部分国内网友接触不到,加上长期以来的误解,不少人认为意大利真的是很面的。实际上意大利军队变现尚可,只是装备不足以在和英国,苏联较量之中占上风

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