论文写作常用句式之Materials and methods

Materials and methods

作者可通过定义、描写、说明、举例、实验、论证、比较、分析综合、判断推理等不同的方式来证实在引言中所提及的主题，阐明研究是怎样完成的。

常用表达手法介绍：

1. 定义、描述

2. 推导、实验方法

3. 实验步骤

4. 示例、图示

1.术语定义、对象描述

描述

The theory is characterized by …

该理论具有特点。

The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.

该理论的基本特点如下。

Our system uses a … framework.

我们的系统采用构架。

is composed of the following main parts: …

由下列主要部分构成：

Our algorithm consists of two parts, a … and a …

我们的算法由两部分构成，一个和一个

consist mainly of … but also include … , …, and …

主要由构成，但也包括、和

has two key components: a specification of …, and the … algorithm.包含两个关键部分：一个关于的规范，还有一个就是算法。

定义

is called …叫作

It is called … in physics.

它在物理学上被称为

This equation is known as … law.

这个等式被叫做定律。

Here, the term "…" just refers to a …

在这里，“”一词仅指一个

We may refer to such a cell as a …

我们可以把这样的单元称为

We will consequently refer to it as …

由此，我们将它称为

Such indicator functions are referred to as … instead of … throughout the rest of the paper.

在论文的其余部分，这样的指示函数被称为，而不是。

The objective function, later referred to as …, is as follows. 目标函数，在下文中被称为，形式如下。

2.推导、实验方法

This formula is verified by …

公式通过验证。

Substituting … in/into …, we obtain/have/get …

将替换进，我们得到

Substituting … in/into … gives/yields/results in …

将替换进，产生

Let us now consider the case where …

让我们来思考一下的情况。

Suppose that … is a solution of …

假设是的解。

If m=1.2, then we have the following equations:

如果m=1.2，可以得到下列等式：

Given that m=1.2, we obtain …

假设m=1.2，可以得到

The relationship between … and … is as follows:

与之间的关系如下：

To eliminate such possibilities, we implemented a …

为了消除这种可能性，我们实现了一个

is determined by using the …

通过来确定

is assigned to …

将赋予

The sections were rinsed to remove …

清洗截面，以去除

The … from each section were removed.

去除每个截面上的

Five … were selected at random.

随机挑选五个

3.实验步骤

The procedure we followed can be briefly described as …

我们所采用的步骤可以简单地这么说，

The steps taken are: …

所采用的步骤是：

The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in …

实验包括三步，在中描述。

The algorithm has four steps.

算法分成四步。

The Viterbi algorithm has three steps: initialization, induction, and termination and path-readout.

韦特比算法分三个步骤：初始化、推导、终止和路径读出。

The typical MUC system goes through roughly these steps: …

典型的MUC系统大致要经过这些步骤：

After … is done by …, a … step is applied to …

做完后，要进行步骤，以

The second step is to perform …

第二步是进行

Second came the … phase.

第二步是阶段。

The last step is to …

最后一步是

Lastly came the … phase, which involved …

最后一步是阶段，这一步包括

4.示例、图示

As shown in Table 3, …

如表三所示，

As can be seen from the data in Table 1, …

正如表一中的数据所示，

As described in Figure 3.2, …

正如图3.2所示，

The … coefficient varies with the shape of the object (see Table 1).

系数随物体的形状而异（参见表一）。

Here are few examples to illustrate this principle.

略举数例，用以说明这一原理。

A simple example will serve to illustrate the point.

一个简单的例子可以说明这一点。

The above diagram serves to illustrate the principle of …

上述图表是用来说明的作用原理的。

We illustrate this method with an example of a small project. 我们举一个简单的工程任务的实例说明这一方法。

The following example will illustrate a typical method for solving such problems.

下面举一个解决这类问题的典型方法的例子。

To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.

为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。

To illustrate the foregoing analysis, consider a …

为了举例阐明以上的分析，我们考虑一种

We now illustrate the entire procedure in solving a … problem. 我们现在来举例说明解一个题的全部过程。

Those are expressly designed to illustrate …

那些是用来说明的巧妙想法。