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高考英语短文改错技巧精讲
短文改错
概况：
从近几年的高考短文改错来看，一篇120词左右的短文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
考查能力：
短文改错的目的是测试考生发现、判断、纠正一些词法、句法以及语篇中的行文逻辑等方面错误的能力。它既能考查考生的词汇和语法方面的能力，也能考查考生的阅读理解能力。其考查要点的主要方面有：
一、词类错误
词类：
V：
考点：
例题：
1. Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building.________
2. Books may be keep for four weeks.________
3. ....and let you know when the book you want has returned.________
4. Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.________
5. They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.________
6. David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.________
7. ...rather than go into the forest and getting lost.________
8. Modern people know more about health，have better food，and to live in clearer surroundings.________
9. you pay the cost of send a postcard，the librarian will write to you.________
N：
考点：
例题：
10. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.________
11. There are branch library in many villages.________
12. I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.________
13. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.________
Adj/adv:
考点：
互换（+ly）；变形；原级，比较级，最高级
例题：
14. Last Sunday，police cars hurried to the taller building in New York.________
15. As a result，people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.________
代词：
考点：
例题：
16. David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.________
17. When we walked to the car，Bill smiled and shook head.________
18. We climb everywhere，not only in America. They have been to Europe many times.________
19. The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.________
介词：
考点：
例题：
20. Bill insisted in staying near the car.________
21. When they came down，the police were angry to them.________
22. Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill._______
冠词：
考点：
例题：
23. After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.________
24. I decided to climb the tree to see where we were.________
25. Good health is person’s most valuable possession.________
26. Maybe you could come during a winter holidays.________
27. Suddenly，I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.________
连词：（如下）
二、句类错误
句类错误包括：主谓一致；各种从句的引导词；强调句型；句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。
主谓一致
对主谓一致的考查主要根据语法、意义、就近、就远等一致原则，判断人称和数是否与主语保持一致。
1.Today，I am going to talk with (about) what you should do when a fire alarm go off.________
连接词
考点：
2.People would like to take part in this contest should go to the office of the Students’ Union and sign up.________
句子成分赘余
考点：
句子成分赘余一般有如下几种类型：
(1)受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结构，造成冗言；
(2)不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠；
(3)介词多余；(4)助动词、系动词多余；(5)多冠词；(6)定语从句中成分重复；
(7)程度副词和频率副词，如much，more，often等的多余；(8)小品词to多余等。
3.If you notice that when someone is missing and (or) hurt，tell your teacher immediately.________
4.缺词错误
考点：
缺词现象常见的有：
(1)缺系动词；(2)缺介词；(3)缺冠词、物主代词等限定词；(4)在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词；(5)缺连接词；(6)缺否定词；(7)缺不定式符号to等。
4.He wanted teach me about animals，insects and trees.________
三、篇类错误
语篇型错误测试包括：
上下文中时态是否一致；上下文中代词是否一致；上下文中逻辑是否一致；上下文中词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。
1.I was taking a train to London’s Victoria Station. I had noticed that the carriage was noise (noisy) and filled with people.________
2.Then everyone in the carriage began searching (∧ for) the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.________
3.As (∧ a) result，the plants are growing somewhere.________
易错点1平行结构中的错误
(1)We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.
(2)We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening (∧ to) music.
【即时小练】
(1)It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it.________
(2)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.________
(3)I’m the captain of our school team so with my fellow players we’ve won several games.________
(4)The understanding between two friends mean (means) both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.________
以题说法
在表达相互平行的概念时，要使用相同的语法结构。
平行结构经常借助于并列连词and，but，or或连词词组not only...but also...，not...but...，either...or...，neither...nor...，as well as等。
突破指南
平行结构中的错误主要是行文逻辑上的错误，解答此类题目的关键是翻译成汉语，注意上下文含义；其次是对此类连词敏感，见到它们首先考虑前后形式一致。
易错点2从句与并列句的错误
I told Mother，Father，Sister，all my friends here what a great time I had.
【即时小练】
This would save the life of many animals，some of them have almost died out.________
以题说法
句子与句子之间的逗号只起间隔作用，不能连接句子，所以要注意从句与并列句的辨别。
突破指南
遇到此类题目，观察逗号后面有无连词，没有的话，添加适当的连词，或者把其中一句变为从句。
易错点3动词时态与语态的错误
John always gets up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast.
【即时小练】
(1)We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop...________
(2)Also，scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.________
(3)If the book you will want is out，you may ask for it to be called back for you.________
以题说法
根据句中can一词，可以看出左面题目中的时态是一般现在时，所以出现的时态错误。
突破指南
动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去时的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be和have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时、现在完成时等，但很少见。
附录：短文改错做题技巧
要想在高考英语中做好短文改错，按照“四步走”，实施“四查法”可有效减少不必要的失误。具体做法如下：
一、“四步走”
1.通读全文，了解大意
注意语篇结构和行文逻辑，不能在未了解大意的情况下就按部就班地一行一行地改。
2.先易后难，缩小范围
通读短文的过程中，可以把其中明显的错误找出来，这样就缩小了范围，为下一步的分析判断提供更充分的依据，也能把注意力集中在较难判断的句子上。
如：Susan think Paul is just the man she can depend on.此句中谓语没用单数第三人称形式就是一个明显的错误。
3.把握句意，逐句判断
逐句扫描，各个击破。为了使每行长度相差不大，往往一个句子分成两行或三行，而一个句子是否有错只有看完整个句子，甚至还要瞻前顾后才能判断出错误之处。所以在通读全文时，要以句子为最小单位，千万别以行为单位。请记住下面的口诀：
动词形，名词数，注意形和副；
非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；
句子成分多分析，逻辑错误须关注。
4.反复通读，复查验证
在大部分错误都改正之后，如果还有拿不准的，应当再次通读短文，利用语感做最后判断；也可以根据此类题的特点，运用错误类型的比例来定夺。错词一般有7～8个，多词和缺词约有2～3处。
二、“四查法”
1.左顾右盼查名词
要注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误。看该名词前是否缺限定词，该用何种限定词。尤其要查冠词的使用情况。碰到代词要弄清它代替什么。当名词前有形容词时更要加倍注意。
如：Catherine，to whom you can turn for help, has good knowledge of Greek.(knowledge为不可数名词，在has之后加上不定冠词a)
2.“语”“时”俱进查动词
认真分析动词所用的时态、语态。尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息，“语”“时”俱进地反复推敲。
如：Martin gained so much confidence that he goes back to school...(goes改为went)
3.启承转合查连词
为使短文结构严谨，短文中往往会出现好多连词。这些连词的使用，在结构和意义上都要通顺流畅，恰如其分。
如：It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (So改为But)
4.文通理顺查逻辑
文通即行文合乎英语词法、句法；理顺指行文逻辑符合人们的认知规律，即符合常理。
如：The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.(第二个up改为down)
